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Renewable Energy Biodiesel

Renewable Energy: Biodiesel

You may have heard of biodiesel (or even biowillie), but for those who don't know much about it, we will get to an explanation of it in a moment.  I just wanted to start with a small list of the benefits of using biodiesel.

BENEFITS OF BIODIESEL

Requires no special delivery equipment and can use existing infrastructure.

Can be used in present diesel engines without modification

Reduces carbon dioxide emissions from 15% to over 75% over petroleum diesel, based on the biodiesel blend.

Emits fewer air pollutants in general.

It is a completely renewable fuel.

Reduces dependence on foreign oil.

It is safer to handle, store and transport than petrolem diesel.

WHAT IS BIODIESEL?

Biodiesel is a renewable diesel fuel which can be made from waste products such as vegetable oils and animal fats, or even from vegetable matter, such as corn, which is specifically intended to produce it.  While not often used as "neat" or pure biodiesel, also known as B100, blends of up to 20% are common and can be used in most diesel powered equipment with no modification at all.  There are some engines, built since 1994, which can use B100.  It should be mentioned, however, that experts recommend that users check with their engine manufacturers to see if there might be a conflict or problem.  There is still some uncertainty about how the use of biodiesel fuel, particularly B100, may affect the life of the engine.

As pointed out in the section on benefits (above), biodiesel fuel reduces air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.

MAKING BIODIESEL

Three great things about biodiesel fuel is that it is renewable, biodegradeable, and non-toxic. Biodiesel is the name given to acid methyl esters intended for use as fuel. Another product formed during the production of biodiesel is glycerol, which is widely used in cosmetics.  Slightly over half of the production resources can use any fat or oil, including recycled cooking grease.  The remaining producers primarily uses vegetable oils.  Due mainly to cost considerations, soy oil is the prime source for most commercial production.  It is estimated that approximately 5% of on-road biodiesel could be produced from all sources under optimum conditions.

THE MARKET AND THE INCENTIVES

Biodiesel is in wide use among such entities as the U.S. Postal Service and the U.S. Departments of Defense, Energy, and Agriculture. Many school districts, municipal transit authorities, national parks, public utility companies, and garbage and recycling companies also use the fuel. It is also becoming more popular among trucking companies, truck owners, and farmers thanks in part to the efforts of country singer Willie Nelson, who now has his own brand known as BioWillie.

At the time this article is being written, there is a tax incentive offered as a federal tax credit.  This incentive is mainly being taken by producers who are passing it on to consumers in the form of a price reduction at the pump.  The USDA estimates this incentive will bring production of biodiesel to at least 124 million gallons per year.  Other factors, such as costs of petroleum sources could cause an even higher production.

AVAILABILITY

Fleet owners have found that it is not particularly difficult to set up their own biodiesel fueling facilities.  While there are some practical considerations which might need to be overcome, fleet owners are finding that it offers some rewards economically as well as in terms of safety and responsibility as this fuel is, and is seen by the community as, being ecologically sensible.

Some of the business and government entities happy with their biodiesel refit are:  L. L. Bean, the U. S. Military, and Cranmore Mountain Resort in New Hampshire.  Of particular interest was that Yellowstone National Park confirmed in their study of the feasibility of using biodiesel fueled trucks that park bears did not seem to be particularly attracted to vehicles fueled by this food-based diesel product.

While commercial availability is growing and more stations and truck stops are adding biodiesel, it can still be difficult to locate, particularly for the traveler. The federal government offers a Biodiesel Locator service at its Alternative Fuel Data Center at http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/infrastructure/locator.html  , and there is a BioWillie Locator as well at http://www.wnbiodiesel.com/locations.html .

Solar Panels Benefits Price

A Curious Tale About Solar Panels

THE SEPTEMBER 2006 ISSUE OF SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN was dedicated to exploring the future of energy beyond the carbon era.  The editors share a sobering outlook: 'Decades may pass before hydrogen-powered trucks and cars relegate gasoline-and diesel-fueled vehicles to antique auto shows.'  Until that happens, weíll 'muddle-through' somehow. (Scientific American: 3)

But why does it take so long for some energy technologies to get from the lab and industrial applications to the service of consumers? Take solar panels, for example.

A high-street electronics chain in London now sells educational solar-power kits for around the £20 mark.  Serious, roof-dwelling solar panels that will power equipment in your home sell in DIY superstores at around £2,500. Thatís a price-tag for the wealthy or very committed, but at least consumers can push their trolleys past the technology

SOLAR PANELS HAVE ONLY RECENTLY APPEARED on the shelves of retail outlets, so you'd forgive them for posing as new technology.  But they're not. While England was priming itself for what was to become its most famous World Cup, a contributor to the July 1966 edition of Wireless World faced a copy deadline for the magazine. His name was D. Bollen, and he provided a circuit for a solar-powered battery charger.

As he put it: 'The ability of solar cells to convert sunlight directly into useful electrical energy has been well demonstrated in satellite applications. An advantage of the solar battery is that is allows true, unattended operation in locations remote from a power supply andÖpromises an outstanding degree of reliability.í (Wireless World: 343)

Over four meticulously-illustrated pages, Bollen goes on to provide a blueprint for a circuit that will trickle-charge a battery from a solar cell.  Bollen shows that you can run something that uses one milliamp of current for '2.74 hours' in a 24 hour period. He leaves us guessing what application he had in mind for this tiny current, but the rig could also have powered the bulb of a toy torch for a few seconds a day.

Still, the circuit is there and the date is mid-1966. Donít be distracted by Bollenís talk of ësatellite applicationsí. His circuit is a million miles from rocket-science ñ in fact itís the simplest of the bunch in this edition of a magazine that was pitched at everyone between novice constructor and electronics professional.

Someone with barely any experience could have thrown a demonstration version of this circuit together in fifteen minutes flat. And all the parts were available from specialist suppliers in London and south-east England.

The listed supplier for 'assorted selenium and silicon cells'   is International Rectifier. I contacted the company to find out how much a similar solar-cell cost at the time Bollen wrote his feature.

A single cell measuring about a centimetre by two centimetres cost four dollars, right up to 1966.  In his feature, Bollen describes various combinations between one cell and four, so the most expensive part of his circuit cost between four and 16 dollars, or about $25-100 dollars in today's money.
World's first solar-powered car: 1912

But what came back from International Rectifier (IR) proved far more interesting than price information. It turns out that the company had demonstrated the world's first solar-powered car - a 1912 model of the Baker Electric - as early as 1958. They achieved the stunt by making a high-output solar panel - less than two metres long and just over a metre wide - from a whole bank of little solar cells.

Commercial, industrial and military customers went on to buy solar panels from International Rectifier.

SO WHY HAS IT TAKEN ALMOST FIFTY YEARS for solar panels to reach our shops?

Southface, a non-profit, sustainable-living organisation based in the USA, point out that solar-cell technology has had been uselessly competing against the relative fall in price that occurred in the fossil-fuel market in the nineties.

But Southface believe that major orders of consumer solar cell units in countries such as Japan may finally signal the start of an era when solar cell production will benefit from economies of scale.

I hope so. In the meantime, it's anyone's guess how long will it take for the consumer-led technology revolution to swat our energy problems.

Biofuels Alternative Sources Energy

Biofuels as Alternative Sources of Energy

Biofuels are produced by converting organic matter into fuel for powering our society. These biofuels are an alternative energy source to the fossil fuels that we currently depend upon. The biofuels umbrella includes under its aegis ethanol and derivatives of plants such as sugar cane, as well aS vegetable and corn oils. However, not all ethanol products are designed to be used as a kind of gasoline. The International Energy Agency (IEA) tells us that ethanol could comprise up to 10 percent of the world's usable gasoline by 2025, and up to 30 percent by 2050. Today, the percentage figure is two percent.

However, we have a long way to go to refine and make economic and practical these biofuels that we are researching. A study by Oregon State University proves this. We have yet to develop biofuels that are as energy efficient as gasoline made from petroleum. Energy efficiency is the measure of how much usable energy for our needed purposes is derived from a certain amount of input energy. (Nothing that mankind has ever used has derived more energy from output than from what the needed input was. What has always been important is the conversionóthe end-product energy is what is useful for our needs, while the input energy is just the effort it takes to produce the end-product.) The OSU study found corn-derived ethanol to be only 20% energy efficient (gasoline made from petroleum is 75% energy efficient). Biodiesel fuel was recorded at 69% energy efficiency. However, the study did turn up one positive: cellulose-derived ethanol was charted at 85% efficiency, which is even higher than that of the fantastically efficient nuclear energy.

Alternative Sources of Energy

Recently, oil futures have been down on the New York Stock Exchange, as analysts from several different countries are predicting a surge in biofuel availability which would offset the value of oil, dropping crude oil prices on the international market to $40 per barrel or thereabouts.  The Chicago Stock Exchange has a grain futures market which is starting to ìstealî investment activity away from the oil futures in NY, as investors are definitely expecting better profitability to start coming from biofuels. Indeed, it is predicted by a consensus of analysts that biofuels shall be supplying seven percent of the entire world's transportation fuels by the year 2030. One certain energy markets analyst has said, growth in demand for diesel and gasoline may slow down dramatically, if the government subsidizes firms distributing biofuels and further pushes to promote the use of eco-friendly fuel.

There are several nations which are seriously involved in the development of biofuels.

There is Brazil, which happens to be the world's biggest producer of ethanols derived from sugars. It produces approximately three and a half billion gallons of ethanol per year.

The United States, while being the world's greatest oil-guzzler, is already the second largest producer of biofuels behind Brazil.

The European Union's biodiesel production capacity is now in excess of four million (British) tonnes. 80 percent of the EU's biodiesel fuels are derived from rapeseed oil; soybean oil and a marginal quantity of palm oil comprise the other 20 percent.